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- ******************************
- * Protein splicing signature *
- ******************************
-
- Protein splicing [1,2,3,4] is a mechanism by which an internal segment (called
- intein [5] or spacer) in a protein precursor is excised and the flanking
- regions (called exteins [5]) are religated to create a functional protein.
- Currently, such a mechanism has been found in the following proteins:
-
- - Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida tropicalis vacuolar ATP synthase
- catalytic subunit A (gene VMA1 or TFP1).
- - Mycobacterium tuberculosis and leprae recA protein.
- - Thermococcus litoralis (an archebacteria) Vent DNA polymerase.
-
- In most of these cases the intein seems to be an endonuclease. It has been
- proposed that the splicing initiates at the C-terminal splice junction. The
- beta-nitrogen group of a conserved asparagine residue makes a nucleophilic
- attack on the peptide bond that links this asparagine to the next residue.
- The next residue (a Cys, Ser or Thr) is then free to attack the peptide bond
- at the N-terminal splice junction by a transpeptidation reaction that releases
- the intein and creates a new peptide bond. Such a mechanism is briefly
- schematized in the following figures.
-
- 1) Primary translation product
-
- +---------------+ +-------------+ +--------------+
- NH2-| Extein 1 x--y Intein N--z Extein 2 |-COOH
- +---------------+ +-------------+ +--------------+
-
- 2) Breakage of the peptide bond at the C-terminal splice junction by
- nucleophilic attack of the asparagine.
-
- +---------------+ +-------------+ +--------------+
- NH2-| Extein 1 x--y Intein N NH2-z Extein 2 |-COOH
- +---------------+ +-------------+ +--------------+
-
- 3) Transpeptidation to produce the final products.
-
- +---------------+ +-------------+ +--------------+
- NH2-| Extein 1 x--z Extein 2 |-COOH NH2-y Intein N
- +---------------+ +-------------+ +--------------+
-
- In the proteins known to undergo protein splicing, the residues close to the
- asparagine involved in the nucleophilic attack are conserved and can be used
- as a signature pattern. We are aware that such a signature is probably going
- to evolve as soon as new examples are discovered, nevertheless, we believe
- that it can be useful.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [LIVM](2)-V-H-N-[STC]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: Tomato Golden Mosaic virus protein
- BR1 and mouse soluble epoxide hydrolase.
- -Last update: June 1994 / Text revised.
-
- [ 1] Shub D.A., Goodrich-Blair H.
- Cell 71:183-186(1992).
- [ 2] Cooper A.A., Chen Y.-J., Lindorfer M.A., Stevens T.H.
- EMBO J. 12:2575-2583(1993).
- [ 3] Cooper A.A., Stevens T.H.
- BioEssays 15:667-674(1993).
- [ 4] Hickey D.A.
- Trends Genet. 10:147-149(1994).
- [ 5] Perler F.B., Davis E.O., Dean G.E., Gimble F.S., Jack W.E., Neff N.,
- Noren C.J., Thorner J., Belfort M.
- Nucleic Acids Res. 22:1125-1127(1994).
-